Ancient Coin Value Guide — Book IV: The Julio-Claudian Dynasty

Kinzer Ancient Coin Value Guide · Section 4 · Book IV

Prepared by Kinzer Coins · First Edition · Market review: September 2026

Ancient Coin Value Guide Book IV
The Julio-Claudian Dynasty

27 BC–AD 68. Augustus through Nero, with major family-member markets included where collectors actually search for them. Certified/slabbed, current fixed-price retail, and raw auction evidence remain separate.

View Book IV Market Cards Download First Edition PDF

Quick answers

Julio-Claudian Coin Values, Explained Clearly

What is an Augustus coin worth?
There is no useful single Augustus price. Common succession denarii, iconic silver, bronze, sestertii, and aurei occupy different markets.
What is the Tiberius Tribute Penny worth?
The traditional Tribute Penny is a broad collector market, but certified grade, surfaces, centering, and exact emission can move the price substantially.
Why is Nero priced by type?
Nero’s Salus denarii, Janus bronzes, triumphal-arch sestertii, Port of Ostia sestertii, and aurei do not trade as one interchangeable market.
Why are some family-member issues expensive?
Britannicus, Agrippina, Germanicus, and other family-member coins can be scarce and specimen-sensitive, so thin markets use exact comparables.
How the guide works

Market evidence in a fixed order

Book IV follows the same series methodology as Books I–III while requiring tighter type-family separation for Julio-Claudian silver, bronze, and gold.

1. Certified / slabbed market first
Grade-specific certified observations are treated as their own evidence set and compared like-for-like wherever the market supports it.
2. Fixed-price retail second
Active dealer asks show what a collector can buy now. Sold dealer listings remain historical context rather than current retail evidence.
3. Buyer-inclusive raw auction third
Auction acquisition cost uses hammer plus the mandatory buyer premium for that exact sale. No blanket premium is applied.
4. Type families and thin markets stay separate
Recognizable reverse families, prestige bronzes, dynastic issues, aurei, and very thin markets are not collapsed into misleading ruler-wide averages.
Practical collector reference

Book IV Market Cards

Current Book IV website reference synchronized to the live Kinzer Ancient Coin Value Guide methodology. Certified / Slabbed, Current Fixed-Price Retail, and Raw Auction evidence remain separate. Guide Orientation is editorial and is not transaction evidence.

Augustus

DENARIUS / QUINARIUS / AS / DUPONDIUS / SESTERTIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Gaius & Lucius denarius
Choice FineChoice Fine $671
Choice VFChoice VF $732
Choice XFChoice XF $1,342
Capricorn denarius RIC 126
XFExact XF observations about $750–$1,950
AU StarAU Star elite outlier $8,000
SIGNIS RECEPTIS RIC 86a
AUExact AU observations $1,100–$2,000
Additional certified evidence
OB CIVIS SERVATOS RIC 75a/77a
Choice VFChoice VF $420
Choice EFChoice EF $825
Lugdunum bull RIC 167a
Choice AUChoice AU sold for $2,160
Lifetime sestertii
Choice VFNGC Choice VF RIC 377, about $340 realized
RIC 198 aureus
Choice VFNGC Choice VF 4/5–2/5 $6,500
RIC 206 aureus
Choice XFExact Choice XF observations about $14,000 and $18,000
AUAU about $22,000
Rare Spanish / triumphal aurei
CertifiedRare triumphal-arch aureus at $16,000
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Gaius & Lucius denariusCurrent VF ask $417
Capricorn denarius RIC 126Current ask ~$325
QuinariiCurrent RIC 1a ask $477
Additional retail types
Lugdunum altar as RIC 230Current ordinary asking range $93–$250
Rome moneyer assesCurrent ordinary asks ~$200–$228
Rome moneyer dupondiiCurrent Good Fine ask $74
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Gaius & Lucius denariusRaw-auction median $308
SIGNIS RECEPTIS RIC 86aRaw-auction median $696
SPQR / CL V RIC 42aVF raw-auction anchors ~$740–$960
OB CIVIS SERVATOS RIC 75a/77aRaw-auction median ~$858
Lugdunum bull RIC 167aRaw-auction median $840
Additional auction types
QuinariiOrdinary raw-auction anchors $82–$242
Lugdunum altar as RIC 230Raw-auction median $162
Rome moneyer assesRIC 431 raw-auction observations about $140 and $302 BI
Rome moneyer dupondiiVF raw-auction anchor $265
Lifetime sestertiiRIC 377 raw-auction BI range about $178–$1,332
Lugdunum altar sestertius · RIC 231aProblem VF about $2,328 BI; exceptional Good VF about $19,600 BI
RIC 198 aureusRaw-auction anchor ~$9,152

Marcus Agrippa

AS / DENARIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Posthumous Neptune as RIC 58 (Caligula)
VFVF $317
XFXF $439
AUAU $1,952
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Posthumous Neptune as RIC 58 (Caligula)Current ordinary asks $159–$204
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Posthumous Neptune as RIC 58 (Caligula)CNG raw-auction sample median $300 BI; middle 50% $270–$660

Livia / Julia Augusta

DUPONDIUS / SESTERTIUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Carpentum sestertius RIC 50 / 51
Choice FineNGC Choice Fine example $500
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Carpentum sestertius RIC 50 / 51Elite Leu raw-auction total ~$13,383 BI

Gaius & Lucius Caesars

DENARIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Gaius Caesar horseback denarius RIC 199
VFNGC VF 4/5–3/5 $671
VFseparate NGC VF 4/5–3/5 $550
Choice VFbrushed NGC Choice VF $800
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Gaius Caesar horseback denarius RIC 199Ordinary CNG VF observations about $240, $570 and $674 BI; exceptional EF $4,750 hammer

Tiberius

DENARIUS / AUREUS / DUPONDIUS / SESTERTIUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Tribute Penny denarii RIC 26 / 28 / 30
Choice XFChoice XF $1,098–$1,586
AUAU/
Choice AUChoice AU $854–$2,806
Tribute-type aurei RIC 25 / 27 / 29
Choice FineChoice Fine $5,124
VFVF $5,612–$8,235
AU StarAU Star $21,960
MS StarMS Star $36,600
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Tribute Penny denarii RIC 26 / 28 / 30Current ordinary raw-coin asks $590–$795
Tribute-type aurei RIC 25 / 27 / 29Current near-VF RIC 29 ask $5,975
CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVTIS sestertius RIC 48Current VF ask $1,024
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Tribute Penny denarii RIC 26 / 28 / 30Ordinary VF raw-auction sample center $540 BI; observed ordinary range ~$360–$900 BI
Tribute-type aurei RIC 25 / 27 / 29CNG Good VF RIC 29 $7,500 hammer
CLEMENTIAE / MODERATIONI shield dupondii RIC 38–40CNG EF RIC 38 $5,500 hammer
Late rudder / globe asses RIC 52 / 58 / 64Scratched/smoothed VF RIC 64 ~$270 BI
CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVTIS sestertius RIC 48Good VF raw-auction observation $2,290 BI

Drusus the Younger

AS / DUPONDIUS / SESTERTIUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
PIETAS dupondius RIC 43
Choice VFNGC Choice VF 5/5–3/5 sold for $732
Twin-sons sestertius RIC 42
Choice XFNGC Choice XF 5/5–3/5
FineFine Style sold for $7,800
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Portrait as RIC 45Current Good Fine ask $380
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Portrait as RIC 45VF $168 BI; separate Good VF ~$540 BI

Germanicus

DUPONDIUS / AS / DENARIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Triumphal dupondius RIC 57
Choice VFNGC Choice VF sold for about $464–$793
Caligula & Germanicus denarius RIC 12 / 18
VFProblem NGC VF 4/5–3/5 sold for $7,320
Caligula & Germanicus aureus RIC 17
Choice VFNGC Choice VF sold for $80,000
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Caligula memorial asses RIC 35 / 43Current VF RIC 35 ask about $231
Claudius posthumous as RIC 106Current asks about $136 ordinary and $1,500 Fine Style
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Caligula memorial asses RIC 35 / 43Near-VF RIC 35 $110 hammer / about $132 BI; near-Fine RIC 35 $70 hammer / about $84 BI
Triumphal dupondius RIC 57Fine RIC 57 $325 hammer / about $390 BI
Claudius posthumous as RIC 106VF about $300 BI; worked VF about $204
Caligula & Germanicus denarius RIC 12 / 18Good VF RIC 18 $16,000 hammer

Agrippina the Elder

SESTERTIUS / DENARIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Claudius portrait sestertius · RIC 102
Choice VFNGC Choice VF 5/5–2/5 sold for $1,342
Caligula & Agrippina denarii · RIC 8/14/22/30
Choice XFNGC Choice XF RIC 8 sold for ~$14,030
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Claudius portrait sestertius · RIC 102Current exact-type ask $795
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
MEMORIAE AGRIPPINAE sestertius · RIC 55Fair example $192 BI; separate Near EF example $2,083
Claudius portrait sestertius · RIC 102Near EF RIC 102 $1,400 hammer
Caligula & Agrippina denarii · RIC 8/14/22/30VF RIC 8 $4,250 hammer

Caligula

AS / SESTERTIUS / DENARIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Vesta as · RIC 38
FineFine $480–$630
Choice AUChoice AU $2,040
Three Sisters sestertius · RIC 33
VGNGC VG sold for ~$1,037
Caligula / Divus Augustus denarii · RIC 2/16
FineNGC Fine $3,416
Choice VFChoice VF $7,000
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Vesta as · RIC 38VF/problem observations $330–$600 BI; separate Near EF $1,776
Three Sisters sestertius · RIC 33Good Fine $1,600 hammer; separate smoothed VF $5,500 hammer
ADLOCVT COH sestertius · RIC 32Near EF $19,000 hammer
Pietas / Temple of Divus Augustus sestertii · RIC 44/51Fine example $480 BI; separate high-grade example $7,350
Caligula / Divus Augustus denarii · RIC 2/16EF RIC 16 $19,000 hammer
Additional auction types
Caligula portrait aureiRare corona-civica RIC 4 $200,000 hammer / ~$245,000 BI

Claudius

SESTERTIUS / DENARIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Minerva asses · RIC 100/116
AUNGC AU RIC 116 sold for $1,464
Spes sestertii · RIC 99/115
FineNGC Fine RIC 99 $320
Choice VFChoice VF branch-mint $260
Constantia denarius · RIC 14
EFNGC EF RIC 14 sold for ~$4,600
Additional certified evidence
Pax-Nemesis denarii · RIC 39/47/58
Choice VFNGC Choice VF RIC 47 $6,000
VGVG RIC 58 $975
SPQR / OB C S denarii · RIC 54/60/64
VFNGC VF RIC 64 sold for ~$2,100
Pax-Nemesis aurei · selected RIC 9/38/57
Choice AUHeritage Choice AU $30,500
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Minerva asses · RIC 100/116Current RIC 100 asks $139–$249
Libertas / Constantia asses · RIC 97/111/113Current ordinary asks $100–$450
Quadrantes · RIC 84/85/90/91Current RIC 84 asks $37–$98; selected EF ask $220
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Minerva asses · RIC 100/116VF/Good VF RIC 116 anchors ~$270–$390 BI
Libertas / Constantia asses · RIC 97/111/113VF RIC 111 $390 BI
Spes sestertii · RIC 99/115Near VF $225 hammer / ~$270 BI at verified 20%
Quadrantes · RIC 84/85/90/91Auction anchor up to $225 hammer
SPQR / OB C S denarii · RIC 54/60/64VF RIC 54 $1,800 hammer

Antonia

DUPONDIUS / DENARIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Claudius portrait dupondii · RIC 92/104
XFHistorical NGC XF RIC 92 sold around $660
Torch denarius · RIC 68
CertifiedICG VF35 $1,080 BI
Certifiedsame coin hammered at $900
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Claudius portrait dupondii · RIC 92/104Current Fine RIC 92 ask $145
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Claudius portrait dupondii · RIC 92/104Raw-auction hammer anchor $110
Torch denarius · RIC 68Separate Good VF $4,750 hammer / $5,819 BI

Agrippina the Younger

DENARIUS / AUREUS / SESTERTIUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Claudius & Agrippina denarius · RIC 81
VFNGC VF sold for about $3,300
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Claudius & Agrippina denarius · RIC 81Near VF $3,750 hammer; separate Near EF $14,000 hammer

Britannicus

SESTERTIUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Britannicus / Mars sestertius · RIC I p. 130 noteGood Fine $3,750 hammer

Nero

DENARIUS / AS / DUPONDIUS / SESTERTIUS / AUREUS
COLLECTOR PRICE GUIDE
Certified grade evidence
Salus denarius · RIC 60 / related late emissions
FineFine $780
AUAU $2,160
Triumphal-arch sestertii · RIC 143/144 and Lugdunum variants
Choice XFAltered-surface Choice XF $1,159
XFNGC XF
FineFine Style Lugdunum $3,294
Aurei · Jupiter Custos / Salus / related RIC 52/61/66
VFVF/
Choice VFChoice VF about $6,710–$7,625
XFRIC 66 XF $10,675
FIXED-PRICE RETAIL
Salus denarius · RIC 60 / related late emissionsCurrent RIC 60 asks around $389–$795; stronger Choice VF ask ~$800+
Temple of Janus as · RIC 306 / relatedCurrent ordinary asks ~$60–$145
Triumphal-arch sestertii · RIC 143/144 and Lugdunum variantsCurrent Rome RIC 143 ask around $900
Current asking-price evidence; kept separate from auction and certified markets.
OBSERVED AUCTION MARKET
Salus denarius · RIC 60 / related late emissionsGood Fine RIC 60 $350–$475 hammer / about $420–$570 BI at verified 20%
Temple of Janus as · RIC 306 / relatedNear VF RIC 306 $225 hammer / about $270 BI at verified 20%
Macellum Magnum dupondius · RIC 184Exact example $700 hammer
Temple of Janus sestertius · RIC 266 / relatedGood VF RIC 266 $2,750 hammer
Port of Ostia sestertius · RIC 178/181Smoothed/tooled VF $6,000 hammer
Additional auction types
Aurei · Jupiter Custos / Salus / related RIC 52/61/66Salus/Jupiter raw-auction results $3,500–$7,800
Recognizable collector markets

Julio-Claudian Coin Types & Value Questions

The website focuses on the coin families collectors actually encounter. Minor bust, legend, die, and RIC variants stay in the full book unless they repeatedly create an independent market.

Augustus succession silver
Gaius & Lucius denarii provide the broadest mainstream silver benchmark, while Capricorn and other historically important reverses remain separate when demand supports it.
Tiberius Tribute Penny
The famous seated-figure denarius is the essential Tiberian silver market, but exact emission, surfaces, centering, and grade still matter.
Caligula portrait and prestige bronze
The Vesta as is the practical entry market; Three Sisters and other large bronzes belong to scarcer, strongly type-driven populations.
Claudius ordinary and prestige bronze
Minerva asses and Spes sestertii provide repeatable collector markets, while architectural and precious-metal issues require tighter comparison.
Nero silver and architectural bronze
Salus denarii and Temple of Janus asses are broad benchmarks; Port of Ostia and other major architectural bronzes remain separate prestige markets.
Dynastic family-member issues
Germanicus, the Agrippinas, Antonia, Britannicus, and other family members are priced where a distinct imperial collector market genuinely exists.
Book IV directory

Fourteen ruler & family chapters

Chapter 1
Augustus
Chapter 2
Marcus Agrippa
Chapter 3
Livia / Julia Augusta
Chapter 4
Gaius & Lucius Caesars
Chapter 5
Tiberius
Chapter 6
Drusus the Younger
Chapter 7
Germanicus
Chapter 8
Agrippina the Elder
Chapter 9
Caligula
Chapter 10
Claudius
Chapter 11
Antonia
Chapter 12
Agrippina the Younger
Chapter 13
Britannicus
Chapter 14
Nero
Research notes

How Book IV Was Researched

Prepared by Kinzer Coins as a dated collector-market reference. Book IV separates evidence classes, prices recognizable type families instead of ruler-wide averages, preserves thin and specimen-specific markets, and excludes provincial and colonial coinage from the headline imperial pricing set.

Certified market
Grade-specific slabbed observations remain separate from raw coins, with strike, surfaces, style, and qualifiers preserved where they materially affect value.
Current dealer retail
Only active fixed-price asking prices belong in the current retail snapshot. Sold dealer listings are historical context only.
Buyer-inclusive auctions
Hammer plus the verified mandatory buyer premium for that exact sale. Where the winning bidding channel is unknown, hammer or a possible buyer-inclusive range is preserved.
Historical currency conversion
Foreign sales are normalized with historical exchange rates when a U.S.-dollar comparison is needed; payment and conversion fees are excluded.
Thin-market discipline
Very thin and extremely thin markets use specific comparables rather than forcing a three-tier range.
Scope control
Provincial and colonial issues remain outside Book IV even when they are famous or widely collected. Exact imperial type family comes first.

Market evidence is a dated September 2026 snapshot, not a guarantee of future value. Ancient coins remain specimen-specific.

Questions collectors ask

Book IV FAQ

What is an Augustus coin worth?
There is no useful single Augustus price. Succession denarii, iconic silver types, ordinary bronzes, lifetime sestertii, and aurei occupy different collector markets.
What is a Tiberius Tribute Penny worth?
The Tribute Penny is a broad collector market, but exact emission, grade, surfaces, centering, certification, and provenance can materially change value.
Why are Caligula, Claudius, and Nero split by type?
Their ordinary portrait bronzes, silver, architectural sestertii, dynastic issues, and gold do not trade as interchangeable ruler-wide markets.
Why are certified coins shown first?
Certification narrows the comparison by grade and attribution. Book IV therefore keeps slabbed evidence separate from raw retail and raw auction observations.
How are auction values calculated?
Headline acquisition cost uses hammer plus the verified mandatory buyer premium for that exact sale. A blanket premium is never applied across auction houses.
What happens when the market is too thin?
The guide uses named exact comparables and specimen-level notes rather than forcing a clean range that the evidence does not support.
The series

Continue the Kinzer Ancient Coin Value Guide

Books I–VI are now published. Book VII will continue with the Severan Dynasty, AD 193–235.

Series Hub Book III View Book IV Market Cards Book V Download Book IV PDF
Now Live · Section 6

Book VI: The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty

AD 96–192. Book VI is now published, covering Nerva through Commodus and the principal dynastic family-member markets.

Read Book VI

Market evidence is a dated research snapshot, not a guarantee of future value. Ancient coins remain specimen-specific, and authenticity, grade, strike, surfaces, rarity, provenance, venue, and collector demand can materially affect price.

Source Use & Rights

Independent market research, with source boundaries

The Kinzer Ancient Coin Value Guide reports factual market observations and Kinzer Coins' own analysis. It does not claim ownership of third-party auction facts, dealer facts, catalog text, photographs, databases, trademarks, or grading systems.

Originating sources control.
Auction search services and marketplaces may help locate a record, but the originating auction house or dealer is preferred for verification. Third-party databases are not republished as Kinzer datasets.
No database reproduction.
The guide publishes selected factual observations, ranges, and commentary rather than copies of an auction archive, dealer marketplace, or search service. Future research should avoid systematic harvesting of marketplace or aggregator data.
Image rights stay with the source.
Illustrations are Kinzer-owned, public domain, or reused under the license or permission stated in the relevant volume. Crops and resizing are disclosed. A cropped CC BY-SA image remains subject to the same ShareAlike license as its source.
Names and marks identify sources only.
NGC, auction-house, dealer, marketplace, and other third-party names and marks belong to their respective owners. Their mention does not imply sponsorship, partnership, approval, or endorsement of Kinzer Coins or this guide.

This is a dated educational market reference, not a formal appraisal, insurance valuation, investment recommendation, or guarantee of future value. If a rights holder believes a credit, source attribution, or image-use statement is incorrect, Kinzer Coins will review and correct or replace it.

Interactive Value Guide
Explore current market evidence in the app
Search rulers and coin markets with certified, current fixed-price retail, raw auction, and guide-orientation evidence kept separate.
Explore the Value Guide App
Free to use · Installable · No App Store required

Ancient Coin Denominations — Simple Guide for Beginners

(Roman & Greek Coins Explained in Plain English)

Ancient coins often come with unfamiliar terms like AE3, Denarius, or Tetradrachm. These names are modern classification tools used by collectors and scholars today. Ancient people themselves did not shop using these labels the way we do now.

Here’s what they mean — simply.

Roman Bronze Coins (AE1–AE4)

AE comes from the Latin aes, meaning bronze.
The numbers 1–4 describe size only, not value.

  • AE1 – Large bronze coin
    Thick, impressive late Roman coins. Less common.
  • AE2 – Medium-large bronze coin
    Popular Constantinian and Late Roman issues.
  • AE3 – Medium bronze coin
    One of the most common ancient Roman coins.
    Excellent for beginners.
  • AE4 – Small bronze coin
    Late Roman issues. Smaller but fully authentic.

Important:
AE numbers are modern size categories, not ancient denominations.

Roman Silver Coins

  • Denarius
    The most famous Roman silver coin.
    Used for everyday transactions for centuries.
    When people imagine a “Roman silver coin,” this is usually it.
  • Antoninianus
    Introduced in the 3rd century AD.
    Originally silver, later silver-alloy or bronze.
    Often shows the emperor wearing a radiate crown.

You may see ANT used as shorthand.
This is a catalog abbreviation, not an ancient name.

Greek Silver Coin Denominations

(Based on Weight, Not “Face Value”)

Greek coins are named by weight, not by purchasing power.

  • Tetradrachm – Large silver coin
    The most famous Greek silver coin.
    Heavy, impressive, and widely used in trade.
  • Drachm – Medium silver coin
    Standard everyday silver coin in many Greek regions.
  • Didrachm – Double drachm
    Larger than a drachm, smaller than a tetradrachm.
  • Obol – Small silver coin
    Fractional coin used for smaller transactions.
  • Hemiobol / Tetrobol
    Very small fractional silver coins.

These names describe weight relationships, not spending power.

Why You Won’t See These Terms in Our Titles

At Kinzer Coins, we prioritize clarity and trust.

You’ll see titles like:

  • Ancient Roman Bronze Coin of Emperor Constantine I
  • Ancient Greek Silver Coin from Athens

Instead of:

  • AE3 Reduced Follis
  • AR Tetradrachm
  • ANT Rome Mint

All technical details — AE size, denomination, metal, and weight — are clearly listed in the Specifications section.

The Most Important Thing to Remember

Every ancient coin we offer is:

  • Authentic
  • Individually unique
  • Historically significant
  • A real object from the ancient world

You don’t need to understand every denomination to start collecting.

You’re not buying a label.
You’re holding history.